Q1 State Machine

Contents

Clock Generation

The clock is generated by a 2-transistor astable multivibrator tied to a Schmitt trigger. Here's the schematic.
The output frequency is stable from about 30 Hz to 300 Hz, which could easily be increased by using smaller capacitors.
12 transistors are needed.

Clock Phases

Each clock from the clock generator switches the clock phase on the positive edge. Clock phases are used so that transparent latches can be used for registers to reduce transistor count at the price of speed. The state clock (SC) and write clock (WC) are generated from two positive edge-triggered flip-flops with input from combinatorial logic.
The initial state is 00.
Each flip-flop requires 19 transistors (5 NAND2 gates and 1 NAND3 gate), thus 38 transistors are required to keep phase state.
Asynchronous reset is accomplished by pulling the inverting output to ground via an open-collector NOT gate for each flip-flop. Therefore, the total transistor count is 42.

EncodingState ClockWrite Strobe Next Phase
000011
111110
101000

Phase Transistion Logic

This is the logic used to compute the next clock phase.
Note that both inverted and non-inverted outputs are available as outputs, but the input must be non-inverted.
7 transistors are needed for this logic.

Signal Logic Simplified Logic Gate Count Transistor Count
P[1] ~P[1] | P[0] ~(P[1] & ~P[0]) 1 NAND2 3
P[0] ~P[1] & ~P[0] ~P[1] & ~P[0] 1 AND2 4

States

Eight positive edge-triggered flip-flops clocked from the state clock are used to keep the state. The next state is computed from combinatorial logic.
The initial state is 1000 0000.
Each flip-flop requires 19 transistors plus 2 for reset. Thus 168 transistors are needed here.

EncodingNameDescriptionNext State
1000 0000sF1 Fetch the opcode. 0100 0000
0100 0000sP1 Increment P. If C0 or C1: 0010 0000
Otherwise: 0000 0010
0010 0000sF2 Fetch the first byte of the operand. 0001 0000
0001 0000sP2 Increment P. 0000 1000
0000 1000sF3 Fetch the second byte of the operand. 0000 0100
0000 0100sP3 Increment P. If this is a call instruction, X is written here. 0000 0010
0000 0010EX Execute. 1000 0000
0000 0001HT Halt. 0000 0001

State Transistion Logic

Both inverting and non-inverting outputs are available, but the input must be non-inverting.
31 transistors are needed here.

Signal Logic Simplified Logic Gate Count Transistor Count
S[7] S[1] & ~C3 & F8 S[1] & ~C3 & F8 1 AND3 5
S[6] S[7] S[7] none 0
S[5] (S[6] & C0) | (S[6] & C1) ~(~(S[6] & C0) & ~(S[6] & C1)) 3 NAND2 9
S[4] S[5] S[5] none 0
S[3] S[4] S[4] none 0
S[2] S[3] S[3] none 0
S[1] S[2] | (S[6] & C2) | (S[6] & C3) ~(~S[2] & ~(S[6] & C2) & ~(S[6] & C3)) 1 NAND3
2 NAND2 		12
S[0] S[1] & (C3 & F8) S[1] & C3 & F8 1 AND3 5

Class Decoder

The class decoder determines the type of instruction stored in the I (instruction) register. The I register provides constant inverted and non-inverted outputs to make decoding easier.
24 transistors are needed here.

Opcode Class Description Size Logic Transistor Count
0000 xxxx C0 Jump 3 bytes ~I[7] & ~I[6] & ~I[5] & ~I[4] 6
0001 xxxx C1 Load/Store 3 bytes ~I[7] & ~I[6] & ~I[5] & I[4] 6
0010 xxxx C2 Math 1 byte ~I[7] & ~I[6] & I[5] & ~I[4] 6
0011 xxxx C3 Misc 1 byte ~I[7] & ~I[6] & I[5] & I[4] 6

Function Decoder

The function decoder determines the ALU operation to perform for C2 instructions and the control lines to drive for C1 and C3 instructions.
Note that the logic for branching is handled separately for C0 instructions.
Both inverting and non-inverting outputs are provided to make the control line decoder simpler.
63 transistors needed.

Opcode Function Logic Transistor Count
xxxx 0000 F0 ~I[3] & ~I[2] & ~I[1] & ~I[0] 7
xxxx 0001 F1 ~I[3] & ~I[2] & ~I[1] & I[0] 7
xxxx 0010 F2 ~I[3] & ~I[2] & I[1] & ~I[0] 7
xxxx 0011 F3 ~I[3] & ~I[2] & I[1] & I[0] 7
xxxx 0100 F4 ~I[3] & I[2] & ~I[1] & ~I[0] 7
xxxx 0101 F5 ~I[3] & I[2] & ~I[1] & I[0] 7
xxxx 0110 F6 ~I[3] & I[2] & I[1] & ~I[0] 7
xxxx 0111 F7 ~I[3] & I[2] & I[1] & I[0] 7
xxxx 1000 F8 I[3] & ~I[2] & ~I[1] & ~I[0] 7

Control Lines

This drives the 22 control lines for the computer. Due to the number of transistors needed, it is split across two modules.
The first module controls lines 0 through 12 inclusive. The second module drives lines 13 through 21 inclusive (including the TB line).
119 transistors needed for the first module.
116 transistors needed for the second module.

No Name Logic Transistors
0 rd_A_d ~(~(EX & C1 & F8)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F0)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F1)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F2)) 		17
1 wr_A_alu EX & C2 & WC 5
2 rd_B_d ~(~(EX & C1 & F4)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F3)) 		9
3 wr_B_d ~(~(EX & C1 & F0 & WC)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F0 & WC)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F5 & WC)) 		16
4 rd_C_d ~(~(EX & C1 & F5)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F4)) 		9
5 wr_C_d ~(~(EX & C1 & F1 & WC)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F1 & WC)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F6 & WC)) 		16
6 rd_XH_d EX & C1 & F6 5
7 wr_XH_d EX & C1 & F2 & WC 6
8 rd_XL_d EX & C1 & F7 5
9 wr_XL_d EX & C1 & F3 & WC 6
10 rd_X_a (EX & C3)
$ ~(~F2 & ~F3 & ~F4 & ~F5 & ~F6 & ~F7) 		11
11 wr_X_a sP3 & C0 & TB & I[3] & WC 7
12 rd_P_a ~(~sF1 $ ~sF2 $ ~sF3) 7
13 wr_P_a ~(~(sP1 & WC)
$ ~(sP2 & WC)
$ ~(sP3 & WC)
$ ~(EX & C0 & TB & WC)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F7 & WC)) 		20
14 rd_N_a ~(~sP1 $ ~sP2 $ ~sP3) 7
15 wr_N ~(~(sF1 & WC)
$ ~(sF2 & WC)
$ ~(sF3 & WC)) 		10
16 wr_I_d sF1 & WC 4
17 rd_O_a ~(~(EX & C0)
$ ~(EX & C1)) 		7
18 wr_OH_d sF2 & WC 4
19 wr_OL_d sF3 & WC 4
20 mem_rd ~(~sF1 $ ~sF2 $ ~sF3
$ ~(EX & C1 & (~I[4] $ ~I[5]))
$ ~(EX & C3 & F5)
$ ~(EX & C3 & F6)) 		21
21 mem_wr ~(~((EX & C1 & WC)
 $ ~(~F4 & ~F5 & ~F6 & ~F7 & ~F8))
$ ~((EX & C3 & WC)
 $ ~(~F2 & ~F3 & ~F4))) 		23
- TB ~(I[7] & ~CF)
$ ~(I[6] & ~ZF)
$ ~(I[5] & ~NF) 		16